Filtering Library based on Photos without Keywords?

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"so the advantage of a smart collection would be that it would always be available to click on and any newly imported photos matching the criteria will appear in it, and as I go through the Smart Collection and add tags to photos they would be removed from the Smart Collection? Is this how it would work?"

You can define a filter preset that is always available to click on:

Both filters and smart collections update automatically as you change photos.

A smart collection ignores any stacking and shows you matching photos buried in stacks; filters only show you the matching top photos of collapsed stacks (and all matching photos of expanded stacks).

It's easy to filter an individual folder or collection, while it's more difficult to restrict a smart collection to a folder or collection.

Smart collections show the current number of matching photos in the Collections panel; whereas with a filter, you have to apply the filter to see how many photos currently match.

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I would use a smart collection using the same criteria as described above. I believe that LR creates such a collection when creating a catalog. Look in the "Smart Collections" collection set.

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"How can I filter everything in my library to show me all photos that do not have keywords attached?"

A slightly easier way: In the Library Filter bar, use the criterion Keywords Are Empty:

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1. Use the Filter Bar , click on Text, select keyword from the dropdown menu, select  "doesn't contain" from the dropdown menu, then type a e i o u (note the spaces between the letters) — you could do a similar thing with Smart Collections

2. In the Filter Bar, do the above and also click on Metadata and then select Date in the first column and click on 2019