Assuming that you do indeed have the latest manufacturer's graphics driver, and that copying the raw files to another installation of LR on another computer doesn't trigger the problem, that's strongly pointing at a hardware issue. The next steps would be as others have suggested:
- Work through the steps for diagnosing BSODs.
- Run thorough hardware diagnostics, especially on memory.
- Eliminate the disk as a possible issue by using another disk.
- See if the cooling system has problems, e.g. clogged fans. LR uses the CPU and GPU much more heavily than the typical app, and starting up LR can quickly trigger overheating, in which case the computer can sometimes halt. Besides trying to analyze the system events, you can get one of several reputable utilities for monitoring temperature. (Intel recently withdrew theirs, which was very easy to use.)
I believe I have isolated the problem.
Before I give more details, I'd like to comment on this thread, and why it's a great example of how online help gets so derailed so easily. There's a ton of opporunity to learn here I believe.
I gave an initial description of the problem that was reasonably specific, adequately detailed, and specifically isolated the things I'd tried so far. Instead of operating from the assumption that I'd actually done so, respondents did exactly the opposite, making me feel like I was being treated like a fool. While I am no genuis software developer, I'm an advanced computer user, an extremely experienced Lightroom user (I would hazard a guess that no one here has been using it much longer than I have, if at all unless they work at Adobe) and I have more than a baseline understanding of 'the usual suspects.' Instead of asking me about any of that, most respondents assumed I was a newbie. Then, doubling down, almost no one actually bothered to even read my replies to them. For example, you said, "Eliminate the disk as a possible issue by using another disk," even though I'd just said, "(and, unmentioned, stored on different SSDs."
Now, granted, your last reply did have several new suggestions, so I do appreciate the continued effort, I'm simply saying all this because I truly believe that more productive conversations will be had when the presumption is not 'OP is dumb.'
Anyway, the solution (I believe):
I was going to open an .NEF directly from the memory card and see what happened. I accidentally double clicked on one, and instead of opening Photoshop like it usually would, it opened Windows Photos. There, it said, 'Windows Raw Image Extension update available.' I clicked to update, updated, and then tried to open one of the problem files with Photoshop. This time, it did not BSOD, but it DID error. That error was: "Could not open (xxxxxxx) because the file-format module cannot parse the file."
I restarted the computer, and upon restart, I could open that file (and all other Z9 files) normally in both LR and PS. I have since tested dozens, done an export, and everything works correctly.
So, I don't know exactly what happened or why it happened when it did, but the issue seems to be resolved. I will update if it returns.