Here is a summary of the bug:
When I create an action in Photoshop (PS) that includes the SAVE command, those files do not get sent back to Lightroom (LR). However, if I manually save each file, they do get sent back to LR.
More info:
The other post mentions that this issue is also affected by a close action, but I have confirmed that the problem specifically arises with an automated save action. This action overwrites the first file that was opened and sent to Photoshop.
For example, I have an action that adds a white border, saves the file, and closes the file. In Lightroom, I select five files, right-click, and choose "Open in Photoshop." In Photoshop, I select batch action, choose the script, and let it run on all open files. As the script runs, each open file sequentially overwrites the first file. After all files are closed, the only modified file in Lightroom is the first one, which now contains the data of the last saved file.
This post is at the request of Sam, a member of Adobe's support (I assume to guage interest) about a known bug that affects Photoshop files that have been opened via the lightroom "Open in" function.
Here is a thread on the LR community outlining the exact issue. Adobe confirmed to me that they are able to replicate this and it is a bug. This is affected on both osx and windows.