Ebene dublizieren in neues Dokument überschreibt die Formatierungen der Ebene

Here is a guess,

Is it just the text layer? The file was created in Photoshop 2019 and the font engine has been updated recently. 

If so, all the layers with "Abbildung" if they have a "!" next to font - please update the Layer before duplicating to new dcoument.

If that does not work:

We would need to see the original file / PSD, before any changes. 

Specific steps, What specific Layer is being copied to new documnet.

I duplicated 3 layers to a new doc with the same dimensions and everything came through at the right size, place and settings: 

With the file you shared, which layer do I duplicate? What are the specifications of the file you are duplicating to? (DPI/dimensions)

Position is lost plus size of the object is set to something different; or if it is text the size of the text is set to something entirely different (but atleast it keeps the font)
https://shared-assets.adobe.com/link/146eba52-a91d-4764-4db6-2952bbafd437

I'm not able to reproduce this problem. 

Is it just position that is lost?

Can you provide the two files you are using (the file you're duplicating from and the file you're duplicating to)? Post a URL to the file using CC files or dropbox, or something similar to share the file.