One possible cause is that you have set the camera to use Active D-lighting, which will lift the shadows and lower the highlights.
As explained by D Fosse, these proprietary settings are ignored by Camera Raw, and you can achieve the same effect using the Shadows and Highlights sliders.
See also this thread: Photo change after import
Irfanview is in fact color managed, but it has to be enabled under Options > Properties/Settings.
The Windows Photo Viewer is as far as I know color managed on Windows 10, but the Photos app is not.
Edit: Irfanview and the Photo viewer do not display raw files, but use the jpg embedded in the raw file.
The jpg will have all the settings from the camera applied, like Active D-lighting.
So that would explain the difference between Camera Raw and the other applications.