Missing kind of Clipboard history in photoshop

One reason Photoshop (and most image applications) do not have a clipboard history is that it is often not the best or most efficient way to work. Since copy-and-paste was invented 30–40 years ago, better ways have become available.

The Libraries panel is good for things you need to store and reuse many times. But it may not be the best solution for occasional or one-time transfers from one document to another. (The Libraries panel uses cloud storage, so larger items require more upload/download time.) Instead you could take advantage of drag-and-drop, which uses less memory than the clipboard.

I use Photoshop a lot, but I rarely copy and paste, because I simply keep multiple documents open and drag and drop pieces between those documents. If the part you want is on its own layer, just drag that layer from one document window to another. You can also drag a layer group (folder layer) to another document. If the documents are tabbed (overlapping, not side by side), drag to the other document’s tab, hold the pointer over the tab, and that document will come forward, and now you can release the mouse button and drop the part on the destination document.

If you don’t want a whole layer but only a selection, you can drag and drop just that selection to another document.

Have you checked out the Library (Window > Libraries) yet? 

Not exactly what you describe but it might provide a work-around of sorts.