I'm pretty sure I got rid of the "Going Home" sample project many moons ago, so I can't test with that. But I have tested numerous different projects updated from the previous version of PP2017, as well as with a new project created with the updated version. No ability to frame forward or back in the timeline with arrow keys.
I tested with a clip in the source window as you suggested, and curiously the arrow keys work there.
So the problem is specific to the Timeline panel.
Using a LogicKeyboard designed specifically for Premiere Pro, on a machine running Windows 10.
And...apropos of nothing...it's now functioning fine.
I haven't even closed Premiere this morning since experiencing the same behavior as yesterday after updating. I am carrying on with my work and went to the color workspace to do some grading. Out of force of habit, I pressed the arrow keys to move frame and discovered it worked! Switched back to my custom workspace - lo and behold, arrow keys work just fine. Closed the project and opened a different one: arrow keys working there as well.
I've literally changed nothing. One moment they didn't work, and the next moment they worked.
It's great that it's working, but terrible for troubleshooting!