The location of the catalog (*.LrCat) and the location of the photos are independent. While they can be near each other, there is no need to do so. Since the LrCat files is not a photo, I store them separately on different drives.
"Copy" vs "Add" imports -- Copy will have LR choose which folders the photos go into (date based by default), Add will leave the images in the folders they are already in on the assumption you already organized them into the desired folders.
If you have multiple drives available, put the catalog and photos on different drives.
My folder structures are date based, but have some extra organizing due to the events I shoot. Since I do the extra organizing and do a first pass triage of the photos before importing into LR, my imports are always type "add".
Think about your file naming. Cameras will recycle the file numbers since they are usually limited to four digits. If this is a problem for you, you might consider renaming the files during import. I use "yyyymmdd_nnnn" from the capture date and file number so that all the files have unique names. (I manually reset the file number to 1 for every event/shoot.)
Very important: when doing the catalog backups, make sure the backups are going to a drive different than the master catalog is on. Otherwise, a single drive failure takes the master and all backups with it. The Adobe default location of the backups is a bad choice.
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