I appreciate the frustration you must be experiencing here, and that these workarounds are not ideal for a corporate environment. I am working with our engineering teams to address these issues, and this information should be useful in finding a solution.
The list above is unfortunately incomplete; please ensure that the following domains are whitelisted:
*.adobe.com
*.adobelogin.com
*.adobeoobe.com
If you are still experiencing problems, please run our Log Collector tool; for example, the file "PDApp.log" is saved to the %TEMP% directory and may provide further information; otherwise, I would ask that you raise a case with our support team via the support portal at https://www.adobe.com/support/ and provide the log collection archive so that we can look in to the logs in more detail (they may contain network-specific information, so I would suggest not posting their contents here). Please feel free to mention this thread, however.
Log Collector Tool