Right click shows targeted layer in layers panel not working

I had the same thing. Driving me mad and included a number or restarts. But I noticed it didn't affect other photoshop documents.
Finally I realised the problem was that I had accidently activated quick mask in the toolbox. (second from bottom in my toolbox). Once deactivated all back to normal.

The targeted layers only appear upon right click if the move tool is selected. It's possible that you had another tool selected.

This seems to work fine for me. In the right click, you see every layer underneath the pixel you're clicking. You can then use the drop-down to get your focus on that layer (so you're moved to that layer in the layer panel). If you want to ONLY SEE the layer - you choose the layer you want to see, then go back and select Isolate Layer in the drop-down menu. That filters away all the other layers in your image.

This, all assuming you're talking CC2018?

Hope this helps.

I do not use artboards so I do not know what drop-down you are referring too.  If all setting look good and you reset all tool and that did not fix your problem try resetting your Photoshop preferences.