That is not a feature yet. There have been Feature Requests for this, but I can't find any in the new Ideas forum. If you submit one, post a link here so we can upvote.
There are new options in the just released version 23.4.0, with "Text-based Editing," but I don't believe they include this. See the FAQs for the Text-based Editing feature:
https://helpx.adobe.com/premiere-pro/using/text-based-editing-faq.html
There is an option for "Import Corrected Transcript." In the FAQs, a question about exporting files for spell-checking says, "We recommend using the built-in spellchecker in Premiere Pro, and for less common words, you can use Search and replace to bulk edit them in the Text panel." There is also a note: "Note: If necessary, you can export transcripts as .txt or .csv files. It’s possible to re-import spell-corrected transcripts in the same formats, but this is less reliable, and the updated transcript may not connect with the video timecode."
In the FAQ, there is also the question, "Can I import a transcript from outside Premiere Pro." The answer is "To use Text-Based Editing, transcripts must be generated inside Premiere Pro. However, you can import transcripts to create captions." But the only import option I see for a transcript is the proprietary PR format.
@nbechere Can you enlighten us? In my tests with the Import Corrected Transcript, it seemed to me that the challenge was dealing with the very detailed timing of the transcript text compared to timecodes in captions.
Stan