The file system can not know what's imported to a Catalog or not. The Catalog can not know about image files that are not imported. But you can use the Catalog to selectively do something, to just those image files that are imported.
For example: inside the Catalog's Folders panel, rename the folder from "[Name]" to "[Name]-spares". Then in the same panel, Add New Folder alongside, calling that "[Name]". Now drag all the image thumbnails that the Catalog presents, from "[Name]-spares" into "[Name]". Outcome: your imported image files are in a folder called the same as before, non-imported image files are separated out.
Yes, laborious. Personally I would regard this as needless micromanagement anyway. LrC is already doing its job of distinguishing what's Cataloged from what is not. The file system does not need to separately do that too.
If (for example, to close off a previous year) you did want to regain disk space by thinning out the files, to only those that are imported - across many folders within that year - this is possible to do as a bulk operation, with an Export as Catalog / Import from Catalog sequence.
But for a single folder at a time, likely not worth the trouble. Depend on the proportion of keepers to incidentals, I suppose. I like to cull obvious duds at the import-from-camera-card so those won't even have made it into the computer. Just trying to design-out any future operations that can be avoided.
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