I've been with After Effects for a while. Since January. The layers are different video clips and effects. I am on a laptop. I'm not sure how to tell if I'm waiting. This has never happened before and i haven't changed any settings. The preview works perfectly fine on other comps.
The first thing I would do is shorten the comp or just start over. It's insanely long for almost all projects. One-shot per comp should be your go-to workflow. AE should only be used to do things you can't do in an NLE and you should only work on frames that will end up in the final edit.
Different video clips and effects does not tell me anything about the load on your system. A single layer with a particle system that is generating hundreds of thousands of particles can bring a powerful system to its knees. Temporal effects can also eat up a lot of system resources. Just warp stabilizing a 20-second shot can easily completely overwhelm a minimal system. There are workarounds, like immediately rendering a warp stabilized shot and getting rid of the warp stabilized layer, but we need details to help you out.
You could also just have a glitch in the source video. When you run into problems like this the best troubleshooting approach is to press the U key twice to look at all modified properties of all layers, start soloing layers until you figure out which layer is causing the problem, then resetting things until the problem goes away. It usually does not take very long to figure out where the problem is coming from. Once you know that you can usually figure out a work around.