Corruption in images displayed

I have a little part of my pictures which seems to have a corrupt preview (no bug in the original file or before the generation of the preview).

If there's a problem in the Develop Module, and turning off the GPU in Lightroom Classic doesn't help, then most likely this a corrupted file, which is caused by a hardware malfunction somewhere.

I tried a lot of things, the only solution that works is to delete totally the picture of the hardrive.

I would restore copies of these corrupted photos from your backups. I would also try to find the hardware malfunction, because likely a piece of hardware you are using needs to be replaced (or if you don't, more files will get corrupted). Your evidence strongly indicates the problem is the hard disk.

First, try disabling GPU in the preferences (Performance). Any better?

If not, recalibrate and build a new ICC display profile; the old one might be corrupted. If you are using software/hardware for this task, be sure the software is set to build a matrix, not LUT profile, Version 2, not Version 4 profile.

If turning OFF the GPU works, it's a GPU bug, and you need to contact the manufacturer or find out if there's an updated driver for it. This is why disabling GPU is an option as more and more functionality moves to the GPU in newer versions of many Adobe products.

Also see: https://helpx.adobe.com/lightroom-classic/kb/troubleshoot-gpu.html

If the GPU and display profile isn't causing the problem, see:
https://helpx.adobe.com/lightroom-classic/kb/lightroom-gives-error-preview-cache.html