I decided to try to manually do the parts of Stephen's action that I understand, and I might be getting somewhere. Here is what I did, starting from scratch, combining ideas from Stephen and S_Gans: I duplicated the background layer twice - once for the layer that will have Dust & Scratches applied with a layer mask, and the second copy as the sandbox to make the selection for the mask. On the sandbox layer, I ran Filter -> Other -> High Pass, selecting a radius that only barely showed a hint of the runners (that turned out to be 1.0 pixels). Then I ran Image -> Adjustments -> Levels. I slid the black input level marker to the right until there was no hint of the runners but plenty of dust (just at the right edge of the spike in the histogram), and then slid the white marker to the left until it almost touched the left one, so that the image is basically binary. I was surprised to see some dots in colors other than white, so at this point I ran Image -> Adjustments -> Black & White to solve that, selecting Maximum White so I get all the dots. Then I created a selection from that by running Select -> Color Range. All I had to do was click on any white spot, and all were selected. (Magic Wand might have worked just as well.) Then I did Select -> Modify -> Expand by 1px to make some breathing room for the D&S filter. In the layer pane I clicked the other duplicate layer and added a layer mask. I was pleasantly surprised that it automatically populated the mask with my selection (that's what I was about to do next!). Finally, I clicked the image part of the layer and applied Filter -> Noise -> Dust & Scratches, and set the radius at a level that would make all the dust bits disappear, which in this case happened to be 5px. (In this sample all the dust bits were small, so that worked, but I wouldn't go any bigger than that - if a few big blemishes remained, I'd do those manually with Spot Healing Brush, because otherwise they would be too much of an ugly blur.) Here are the original, the final, and the layer mask: I know that Stephen's was much more sophisticated, with the noise to prevent obviously blurry spots, more nuanced white areas on the mask, etc. But this might be good enough for me, depending on the content of the photos I scan in later. Here is an action of this, with stops on the places where adjustments or manual input (e.g. click on a white dot) would be needed: Dropbox - Karen dust removal.atn - Simplify your life
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