Is there a way to change the bullet color in Photoshop's automatic bullets?

The way I would personally do it is to use Custom Shapes. Create the list and find a shape to use as your bullet.  The search field is the way to go if you have a lot of shapes.

Create the first shape and align it with the lower most list item.

Copy the shape as many times as you need for the rest of the list.

Align the upper most shape layer with the top text line.

Now select all of the shape layers

Select the Move tool And use the Distribute centres in the Options bar.

If you Group all of the Shape layers you can use Layer Styles > Colour Overlay to recolour them all in one go

Until someone comes up with a setting, try my @-step simple trick:

1. type the list
2. apply the bullet
3. place a space before each item in the list
4. select each space in turn
5. change the color of the font on each item

I used four colors for the space preceding the line of text.

As each space’s font color is changed from the text color, the bullet will change to the new color.

A real pain, but there it is.

Trever posted 4 minutes before me.

Create your list using the color you would like the bullets to be

But use a space before the first character in each line

Now carefully select the text characters, but NOT the space, and change the colour.

Yo

I did wonder if you could move the text closer to the bullets, but while this works, it also makes the bullets smaller.