I am afraid that, if you did not make a backup, that your file is lost.
If you use cloud documents (.aic), then they should still be visible in the Creative Cloud app and at https://assets.adobe.com/cloud-documents
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Seems solved in beta, now hoping for the release version.
https://illustrator.uservoice.com/forums/601447-illustrator-desktop-bugs/suggestions/48471191-bitmaps-display-as-vertical-lines-in-gpu-preview-i
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If you saved it as a cloud file, there should be a history. Try to find an older version that still has them, save as and copy them into your current version.
But first check Outline Preview (Cmd or Ctrl Y)
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With your InDesign file I can reproduce the problem, even if I add a recent used bullet glyph.
Using the same glyph in a new document works fine.
So far it is a mystery to me.
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There is currently a problem with 1 bit black and white images.
CPU preview shows them correctly.
It will probably solved in an update. The current beta version does not have that problem, but you only know for sure when it ships..
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You have selected an image, what kind of image?
Check the Links panel. Is it a bitmap image?
Does it go away when you check CPU preview (Cmd or Ctrl E)?
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And if you quit Illustrator, change language and start Illustrator, does that work?
I am on a Mac, which does not have that shortcut switch option.
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Did you try to contact Adobe Support? They can look into your system.
Ask for an Agent:
https://helpx.adobe.com/contact.html?rghtup=autoOpen
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If options are missing, restarting your machine can sometimes solve it.
Regarding the grid, in Preferences > Guides & Grid there is an option for Grids in Back.
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Don't worry about that, lulu accepts pdfs from InDesign with embedded fonts:
https://help.lulu.com/en/support/solutions/articles/64000255585-how-to-create-a-pdf-using-adobe-indesign
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